Causes and risks of gestational diabetes for mother and fetus, and methods of prevention
Dr. Ahmed Abdelkareem, a consultant in obstetrics and gynecology, confirmed that gestational diabetes is one of the most prominent health problems facing women during pregnancy. He pointed out that this disease affects approximately 4% of pregnant women and is often detected during the fifth or sixth month of pregnancy. Fortunately, blood sugar levels return to normal in most cases immediately after delivery, but this requires full awareness and close medical monitoring to avoid any serious complications that could affect the health of both the mother and the fetus.
Our medical understanding of gestational diabetes has evolved
Historically, health complications arising during pregnancy posed a significant medical mystery until modern medicine identified gestational diabetes as a distinct and temporary medical condition. This type of diabetes results from the major hormonal changes a woman's body undergoes, as the placenta produces hormones that can interfere with insulin's function, leading to a buildup of glucose in the blood. With advancements in medical research, it has become possible to diagnose this condition early and manage it effectively, dramatically reducing the maternal and fetal mortality rates that were prevalent in past decades due to a lack of medical awareness.
The health and societal impact of gestational diabetes
The importance of monitoring gestational diabetes extends beyond the individual level, impacting both regionally and internationally. With rising obesity rates and changing dietary patterns globally, and particularly in the Middle East, the incidence of this condition has increased, making it a top priority in public health programs. Neglecting treatment places a significant burden on healthcare systems due to the costs associated with managing long-term complications, such as the potential for the mother or child to develop type 2 diabetes later in life.
Symptoms and risk factors for infection
Dr. Abdulkarim explained that the danger of this type of diabetes lies in the fact that it can be asymptomatic in many women. However, some women may experience symptoms such as weight loss despite increased appetite, persistent fatigue, excessive thirst, and frequent urination. Other symptoms include recurrent nausea, urinary tract, vaginal, and skin infections, as well as blurred vision. These symptoms can overlap with normal pregnancy symptoms, making regular checkups essential.
Several factors increase the likelihood of developing diabetes, including a personal history of the disease, being overweight before pregnancy, having sugar in the urine, or having excess amniotic fluid. Other risk factors include a family history of diabetes or having previously given birth to a baby weighing over 4.5 kilograms. However, the consultant emphasized that the absence of these factors does not necessarily rule out the possibility of developing diabetes, as cases are recorded without any apparent cause.
Diagnostic methods and potential complications
Women at higher risk should be screened early. If the results are normal, a repeat glucose tolerance test is performed between weeks 24 and 28 of pregnancy. The consultant warned of the potential effects on the fetus, especially in the early stages, as it can lead to congenital heart and brain defects and increase the risk of miscarriage. In later stages, it can cause the fetus to gain weight, making delivery more difficult and increasing the likelihood of a cesarean section. After birth, the newborn may suffer from low blood sugar, jaundice, or respiratory problems. The mother is also at increased risk of developing high blood pressure, and approximately 60% of those diagnosed with this condition may develop type 2 diabetes later in life.
The most important methods of treatment and prevention
The primary goal of treatment is to maintain normal blood sugar levels throughout pregnancy. This is achieved through careful monitoring, including measuring blood sugar before and after meals. Treatment relies heavily on a balanced diet consisting of three main meals and three snacks, emphasizing fiber and limiting fat intake, along with adequate water consumption.
The doctor also emphasized the importance of regular physical activity after consulting a physician, while being cautious of hypoglycemia, especially for those using insulin. He concluded by stressing that adhering to a healthy diet and regular medical checkups is the first line of defense against complications and ensures the safety of both mother and fetus.
