Sore throat in winter: causes, treatment, and prevention

With the arrival of winter and the drop in temperatures, a sore throat one of the most common health complaints worldwide. This bothersome symptom is not merely a passing pain; it is a vital indicator of the immune system's response to fight off invaders, whether viruses or bacteria. Historically, colds and throat infections have been linked to seasonal changes, as people tend to gather indoors, facilitating the spread of infection, in addition to the effect of cold, dry air on mucous membranes.

Causes of sore throat: between infection and bad habits

Although the vast majority of sore throats are caused by viral infections such as the common cold and the flu, environmental and behavioral factors play a crucial role in exacerbating the condition. Smoking and exposure to secondhand smoke are among the most prominent non-bacterial causes of chronic throat irritation, as the chemicals in smoke damage the cilia lining the respiratory tract, weakening the body's first line of defense.

Besides viruses, strep throat bacteria may be the cause, a condition that requires accurate diagnosis and antibiotic treatment to avoid serious complications such as rheumatic fever.

Treatment challenges and antibiotic resistance

From a medical and global perspective, the mishandling of sore throats presents a significant challenge. Viral infections typically resolve within 5 to 7 days with rest and pain relievers, and do not require antibiotics. However, the excessive and unjustified use of antibiotics for viral infections exacerbates the antibiotic resistance , a global health concern highlighted by international organizations, as bacteria become increasingly resistant and difficult to treat in the future.

Symptoms that should not be ignored

Symptoms of a sore throat can include:

• Sharp pain that intensifies when swallowing.
• Dry throat and persistent cough.
• Change in voice (hoarseness) and bad breath.
• Swelling of the lymph nodes in the neck and tonsils.
• Accompanying symptoms include fever, general fatigue, and runny nose.

When should you see a doctor immediately?

While most cases can be treated at home, there are red flags that require immediate medical intervention to prevent complications, including:

• Severe difficulty breathing or swallowing.
• A temperature rise to more than 38 degrees Celsius and persists.
• The presence of blood in the saliva or phlegm.
• A skin rash accompanied by pain.
• Noticeable swelling in the neck or face.

Health awareness and prevention, through avoiding smoking and paying attention to personal hygiene, remain the strong defense against annoying winter illnesses.