Scalp fungus: symptoms, causes, treatment, and prevention

The Gulf Health Council has issued important warnings regarding scalp fungus, also known medically as tinea capitis, a common fungal infection affecting the scalp and hair follicles, causing bothersome symptoms ranging from severe itching to hair loss. These warnings are particularly important given the rapid spread of the infection, especially in school settings and among children, necessitating prompt medical intervention to avoid permanent complications.

What is ringworm of the scalp? And what is its medical context?

Ringworm of the scalp is a skin infection caused by a group of fungi called dermatophytes, which feed on keratin found in hair, skin, and nails. Historically, this infection was widespread before the development of modern antifungal treatments and remains a health challenge in densely populated areas or humid environments. The danger of this disease lies in its ability to spread rapidly, not only between humans but also from pets to humans, making it a public health issue that requires community awareness.

The groups most vulnerable to infection and the impact of the disease

Although fungal infections can affect anyone, medical statistics indicate that school-aged children (3 to 14 years old) are the most susceptible. The effects of the disease extend beyond the physical; hair loss and bald patches can lead to negative psychological consequences for the child, such as embarrassment or bullying at school. Therefore, early diagnosis not only protects the child from physical complications but also safeguards their mental well-being.

Symptoms of scalp fungus

Symptoms vary depending on the type of fungus and the immune system's response, but the most common signs include:

• The appearance of circular spots or rings on the scalp that are red and inflamed, with hair loss in that area.
• There are small black dots in the affected area, which are remnants of broken hair at the skin's surface.
• General weakness in hair follicles, which leads to breakage or hair loss with just a light pull.
• Experiencing pain, persistent itching, or tingling in the affected area.

Causes of the disease and risk factors

Experts explained that there are several factors that increase the likelihood of infection, most notably:

• Direct transmission: Transmission from person to person through direct contact or the use of personal items such as combs, hats, and towels.
• Pets: Cats and dogs that carry the fungus (even without showing symptoms) can transmit the infection to humans.
• Humid environment and sweating: Fungi thrive in warm, humid environments; therefore, excessive sweating and not drying the hair well creates a fertile environment for their growth.
• Weakened immune system: People with a weakened immune system (such as diabetics) are more susceptible to infection.
• Poor personal hygiene: Not washing the hair regularly contributes to the accumulation of fungi.

Diagnosis and treatment

Medical diagnosis relies on a thorough clinical examination, and the doctor may use a Wood's lamp or take a skin scraping for microscopic examination to accurately identify the type of fungus. Treatment usually requires:

• Oral antifungal medications: These are the primary treatment to eliminate the fungus from the roots, and the treatment period usually lasts from 4 to 8 weeks.
• Medicated shampoo: Used as a supportive treatment to reduce the likelihood of transmitting the infection to others, but it does not replace oral medications.

Serious complications: Kerion and permanent baldness

The Gulf Health Council warned that neglecting treatment can lead to a severe infection known as a kerion, a painful, pus-filled swelling resulting from a strong immune response to the fungus. If this infection is not treated promptly, it can cause scarring and death of hair follicles, leading to permanent baldness in the affected area that cannot be treated later.

Prevention methods

To protect against this infection, it is recommended to follow these steps:

• Wash your scalp regularly and dry it thoroughly.
• Personalize hair care tools for each individual and do not share them.
• Regularly check your pets with the veterinarian.
• Educating children about the importance of not touching their classmates' heads or using their hats.