Crescent sighting observatories in Saudi Arabia: their history, locations, and observation methods
The sighting of the new moon in Saudi Arabia is a periodic event of great local and Islamic interest, as it is linked to sacred religious observances such as the beginning of Ramadan, the Eid al-Fitr and Eid al-Adha holidays, and the determination of Hajj dates. In this process, the Kingdom combines adherence to Islamic legal principles derived from the Sunnah (Prophetic tradition) with the use of the latest astronomical technologies to ensure accurate observation.
The historical roots of astronomical observation in the Kingdom
The history of organized astronomical observation in the Saudi era dates back to the early days of the Kingdom's founding. The first astronomical observatory was established in Mecca in 1948 (1367 AH) atop the historic Mount Abu Qubays, by order of the founding King Abdulaziz Al Saud (may God have mercy on him). This location was strategic due to its direct view and elevation, before attention later shifted to more modern sites. In 1957, the Medina International Observatory was established, marking a significant leap forward in the observation of the new moon.
The most famous current sighting observatories: Sudair and Tamir
With urban expansion and increasing light pollution in major cities, the need arose to find locations characterized by clear skies and high altitude. This is where the importance of the Sudair and Tumair observatories, located north of Riyadh, became apparent. These areas are now among the most famous observation sites in the Islamic world, due to their high, rocky terrain and dry climate, which reduces humidity and dust levels that can impede visibility. This makes them a prime destination for observers and official committees at sunset on the 29th of each lunar month.
The investigation mechanism and the role of the Supreme Court
The observation process is subject to a precise system overseen by the Supreme Court, which ensures the reliability of the testimony through several safeguards, most notably a thorough medical examination of the visual acuity of those observing the crescent. Field committees operate under the supervision of the Ministry of Justice and with the participation of King Abdulaziz City for Science and Technology, where observatories are equipped with advanced telescopes and binoculars. The process does not rely solely on the naked eye; astronomical calculations are employed to determine the crescent's coordinates and viewing angles with extreme accuracy.
Technological development: From the naked eye to the Makkah Clock
The Kingdom did not stop at traditional observatories, but kept pace with the technological revolution by establishing the Clock Tower Center in Makkah, which houses the world's largest network of astronomical telescopes. This center, along with university observatories such as those at King Saud University and King Abdulaziz University, contributes to providing accurate scientific data that supports the religious rulings. This integration of religious sighting and astronomical calculations strengthens the Kingdom's position as a trusted authority in determining the beginnings of the Islamic lunar months for the Muslim world.
